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Cervical
Cancer
Cervical cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer
found in women. Experts are unsure as to what causes the
cancer, but studies have shown that the human papillomavirus
(HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, significantly increases
a woman’s risk of cervical cancer. PAP smear screening is
recommended for all women between the ages of 18 and 64.
Risk Factors
- Having sex at an early age and/or having multiple sexual
partners
- Having sex without condoms
- Smoking cigarettes
- Recurrent sexually transmitted diseases
- A compromised or weak immune system
- A family history of cervical cancer
Preventing Cervical Cancer Early detection is the best way
to prevent cervical cancer. It is important to have a PAP
smear every year once you become sexually active or by the
time you’re 18 years old. Even though the average age of
diagnosis is 50 to 55 years, it is not unheard of for younger
women to be diagnosed with the cancer. Cervical cancer is
preventable if it is detected early with a PAP smear.
If you are over the age of 64 or postmenopausal, you should
still continue to have regular PAP smears.
Leading a healthy lifestyle, practicing
safe sex, and not smoking are some easy ways of lowering
your chances of developing cervical cancer. There is even
evidence to suggest that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
may reduce your risk, so be sure to eat five to six servings
a day.
Treatment
The type of treatment you receive will depend on a few factors:
age, location of the abnormal or cancerous cells, results
of the coloscopy and whether or not you wish to have children
later on.
Surgery
When unusual cells have shown up in a PAP smear but the
cells themselves are not yet cancerous, you will be told
you have abnormal cells. Although you have not been diagnosed
with cervical cancer, it is best to take action since it
is highly likely that the cells will become cancerous if
left untreated. Here are some of the more common forms of
treatment for abnormal cells:
Excision: cuts out the abnormal cells
Electrocautery: an electric current is passed through a
metal rod that burns and destroys any abnormal cells
Cryosurgery: carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide are used to
freeze the abnormal cells
Laser vaporization: the area of abnormal cells is burned
away with a laser beam
Radical trachelectomy: just the cervix
is removed
Conization: a cone-shaped area of the affected
cells is removed, not only to treat the abnormal cells but
also to be sent for biopsy
Most of these treatments will not affect
your fertility.
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the complete removal of the cervix and
uterus. If you have abnormal cells that are severe, meaning
that they will soon become cancerous, or if you have had
repeat abnormal smears, a hysterectomy may be suggested.
A hysterectomy is also recommended if you have been diagnosed
with cervical cancer. However, it is a much bigger operation
at this stage.
In addition to removing your cervix and
uterus, all the tissue that holds your cervix and uterus
in place, the top of your vagina and the lymph nods that
surround your uterus will also need to be removed. If your
cancer is in the advanced stages, you may also need to have
part of your bowel, rectum, bladder and/or the lymph nodes
surrounding your bowel and bladder removed.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation can be used in the early stages of cervical cancer
as well as in the advanced stages. It involves using high
doses of x-rays or radioactive material to shrink and kill
the cancerous cells. For cervical cancer, you may receive
internal or external therapy. Internal radiation therapy
will require a two to three day stay at a hospital. During
this time, a large dose of radioactive material is placed
inside your vagina that will kill off all the cancerous
cells.
External therapy is an outpatient procedure
whereby you travel to a hospital or clinic several times
a week for a number of weeks to receive treatment.
Chemotherapy
This is a form of treatment involving drugs, either in the
form of pills or injections, to kill off the cancer cells.
Since the drugs enter your blood stream, it is easier for
them to reach and kill all the cancerous cells. It is an
outpatient procedure and may be combined with radiation
therapy.
Cervical Cancer in Pregnancy
Very few women develop cervical cancer while they are pregnant.
However, if you are diagnosed with the cancer while you
are pregnant, how it is treated is dependant on a variety
of factors.
If the cancer is detected in its earliest
stage, 1A, and you are in your second or third trimester,
most likely you will be able to complete your pregnancy
and receive treatment after delivery. If you are only in
the first three months of your pregnancy, receiving immediate
treatment is strongly encouraged. However, this will result
in you having to terminate your pregnancy.
If the cancer is already advanced to stage
1B, you will need to consider whether or not to continue
your pregnancy. If you decide to continue the pregnancy,
your child will be delivered by cesarean once it is able
to survive outside of the womb. This is done in order for
you to receive treatment as soon as possible. If you choose
not to continue the pregnancy, you will receive treatment
right away. The most common treatments are hysterectomy
and/or radiation, both of which will prevent you from having
children in the future. If your cancer is detected at any
stage beyond 1B, you are strongly encouraged to seek treatment
immediately.
Pregnancy after Cervical Cancer
Unfortunately, becoming pregnant after receiving treatment
for cervical cancer is highly unlikely. This is because
one of the most common forms of treatment is a hysterectomy.
Radiation therapy is another common choice but it can also
significantly damage your reproductive organs thereby making
conception nearly impossible. The type of treatment you
receive will depend on what stage your cervical cancer has
advanced to.
If you are faced with receiving treatment
for cervical cancer, discuss with your health care provider
any wishes you may have about conceiving children in the
future. There may be alternatives that can lessen the impact
on your reproductive system.
http://www.pregnancy-info.net/cervical.html
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