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Prevention of Prostate Cancer
Overview of Prevention
Prevention
Doctors cannot always explain why one person gets cancer
and another does not. However, scientists have studied general
patterns of cancer in the population to learn what things
around us and what things we do in our lives may increase
our chance of developing cancer.
Anything that increases a person’s chance of developing
a disease is called a risk factor; anything that decreases
a person’s chance of developing a disease is called a protective
factor. Some of the risk factors for cancer can be avoided,
but many cannot. For example, although you can choose to
quit smoking, you cannot choose which genes you have inherited
from your parents. Both smoking and inheriting specific
genes could be considered risk factors for certain kinds
of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Prevention means
avoiding the risk factors and increasing the protective
factors that can be controlled so that the chance of developing
cancer decreases.
Although many risk factors can be avoided, it is important
to keep in mind that avoiding risk factors does not guarantee
that you will not get cancer. Also, most people with a particular
risk factor for cancer do not actually get the disease.
Some people are more sensitive than others are to factors
that can cause cancer. Talk to your doctor about methods
of preventing cancer that might be effective for you.
Purposes of this summary
The purposes of this summary on prostate cancer prevention
are to:
• Give information on prostate cancer and how often it occurs.
• Describe prostate cancer prevention methods.
• Give current facts about which men or groups of men would
most likely be helped by following prostate cancer prevention
methods.
You can talk to your doctor or health care professional
about cancer prevention methods and whether these methods
would be likely to help you.
Prostate Cancer Prevention
The prostate is a gland in males that is involved in the
production of semen. It is located between the bladder and
the rectum. The normal prostate gland is the size of a walnut
and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from
the bladder.
Significance of prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among
men in the United States. Although the number of men with
this disease is large, the number of men who are expected
to die of the disease is considerably smaller, since the
majority of men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die
of it.
Prostate cancer prevention
Prostate cancer can sometimes be associated with known risk
factors for the disease. Many risk factors are modifiable
though not all can be avoided.
Age: The risk of developing prostate cancer increases as
a man gets older.
Chemoprevention: Chemoprevention is the use of specific
natural or man-made drugs, vitamins, or other agents to
reverse, suppress, or prevent cancer growth. Several agents,
including difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), isoflavonoids,
selenium, vitamins D and E, and lycopene have shown potential
benefit in studies. Further studies are needed to confirm
this.
Diet and Lifestyle: The effect of diet on prostate cancer
risk is under study. A diet high in fat, especially animal
fat, may be associated with an increased risk of prostate
cancer. More studies are needed to determine if a low-fat
diet with more fruits and vegetables helps prevent prostate
cancer.
Studies show that a diet high in dairy products and calcium
may be linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer, although
the increase may be small.
Hormonal Prevention: Studies are underway to discover the
role of certain drugs, such as finasteride, that reduce
the amount of male hormone as preventive agents for prostate
cancer.
Race: The risk of prostate cancer is dramatically higher
among blacks, intermediate among whites, and lowest among
native Japanese. However, this increase in risk may be due
to other factors associated with race. Studies have shown
a link between levels of testosterone and prostate cancer
risk, with black men having the highest levels.
Changes to This Summary (04/13/2006)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly
and updated as new information becomes available. This section
describes the latest changes made to this summary as of
the date above.
Changes were made to this summary to match those made to
the health professional version.
Questions or Comments About This Summary
If you have questions or comments about this summary, please
send them to Cancer.gov through the Web site’s Contact Form.
We can respond only to email messages written in English.
To Learn More
Call
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National
Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free
at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday
from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Deaf and hard-of-hearing callers
with TTY equipment may call 1-800-332-8615. The call is
free and a trained Cancer Information Specialist is available
to answer your questions.
Web sites and Organizations
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on
cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations
that offer support and resources for cancer patients and
their families. There are also many other places where people
can get materials and information about cancer treatment
and services. Local hospitals may have information on local
and regional agencies that offer information about finances,
getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and
dealing with problems associated with cancer treatment.
Publications
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health
professionals, and the public. These publications discuss
types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with
cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information
on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer
statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on
these and other topics may be ordered online or printed
directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials
can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information
Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237), TTY
at 1-800-332-8615.
LiveHelp
The NCI's LiveHelp service, a program available on several
of the Institute's Web sites, provides Internet users with
the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist.
The service is available from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern
time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can
help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and
answer questions about cancer.
Write
For more information from the NCI, please write to this
address:
• NCI Public Inquiries Office
• Suite 3036A
• 6116 Executive Boulevard, MSC8322
• Bethesda, MD 20892-8322
About PDQ
PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's
Web site.
PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive
cancer information database. Most of the information contained
in PDQ is available online at NCI's Web site. PDQ is provided
as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National
Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point
for biomedical research.
PDQ contains cancer information summaries.
The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published
information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment,
supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine.
Most summaries are available in two versions. The health
professional versions provide detailed information written
in technical language. The patient versions are written
in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions
provide current and accurate cancer information.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are developed by cancer
experts and reviewed regularly.
Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related
specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining
the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed
regularly and changes are made as new information becomes
available. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified")
indicates the time of the most recent change.
PDQ also contains information on clinical trials.
People who are at high risk for a certain type of cancer
may want to take part in a clinical trial. A clinical trial
is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether
a certain drug or nutrient can prevent cancer. Trials are
based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory.
Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order
to find new and better ways to help cancer patients and
those who are at risk for cancer. During prevention clinical
trials, information is collected about prevention methods,
the risks involved, and how well they do or do not work.
If a clinical trial shows that a new method is better than
one currently being used, the new method may become "standard."
Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are
available online at NCI's Web site. Descriptions of the
trials are available in health professional and patient
versions. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical
trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call
the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237);
TTY at 1-800-332-8615.
Physicians version: CDR0000062833
Date last modified: 2006-04-13
http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062853.html
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